Extremism & Political Violence
15 Measure(s)
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Activism and Radicalism Intention Scales (ARIS)
Moskalenko, S., & McCauley, C. (2009). Measuring political mobilization: The distinction between activism and radicalism. Terrorism and Political Violence, 21(2), 239-260. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546550902765508
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Black Community Activism Orientation Scale (BCAOS)
Hope, E. C., Pender, K. N., & Riddick, K. N. (2019). Development and Validation of the Black Community Activism Orientation Scale. Journal of Black Psychology, 45(3), 185–214. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798419865416
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Exposure to Violent Extremism Scale (EXPO-12)
Clemmow, C., Rottweiler, B. & Gill, P. (2022). EXPO-12: Development and validation of the exposure to violent extremism scale. Psychology of Violence, 12(5), 333–346. https://doi.org/10.1037/vio0000430
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Self-Sacrifice Scale
Bélanger, J. J., Caouette, J., Sharvit, K., & Dugas, M. (2014). The psychology of martyrdom: Making the ultimate sacrifice in the name of a cause. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 107(3), 494–515. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036855
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Pro-Violence and Illegal Acts in Relation to Extremism Scale (PIARES)
Ozer, S., & Bertelsen, P. (2018). Capturing violent radicalization: Developing and validating scales measuring central aspects of radicalization. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 59(6), 653–660. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12484
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Sympathies for Violent Radicalization & Terrorism
Bhui, K., Warfa, N., & Jones, E. (2014). Is violent radicalisation associated with poverty, migration, poor self-reported health and common mental disorders? PLoS ONE, 9(3). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0090718
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Extremism Scale (ES)
Ozer, S., & Bertelsen, P. (2018). Capturing violent radicalization: Developing and validating scales measuring central aspects of radicalization. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 59(6), 653–660. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12484
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Violent Extremism Beliefs Scale (VEBS)
Peracha, F. N., Ayub, A., Khan, R. R., Farooq, Z., & Zahra, A. (2017). Development and Validation of Indigenous Violent Extremism Beliefs Scale (VEBS). Journal of Psychology and Behavioral Science, 5(1), 53–62. https://doi.org/10.15640/jpbs.v5n1a7
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Activism Orientation Scale (AOS)
Corning, A. F., & Myers, D. J. (2002). Individual orientation toward engagement in social action. Political Psychology, 23(4), 703–729. https://doi.org/10.1111/0162-895X.00304
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Monopoly on Truth Scale (MOTS)
Dono, M., Alzate, M., Seoane, G., & Sabucedo, J. M. (2018). Development and validation of the Monopoly on Truth Scale. A measure of political extremism. Psicothema, 30(3), 330–336. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2017.423
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Hate Behaviors Scale (HBS)
Vergani, M., Diallo, T., & O’Brien, K. (2025). Measuring the potential for hateful behaviours: Development and validation of the Hate Behaviours Scale (HBS). Terrorism and Political Violence, 37(2), 205–222. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2023.2283565
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Two-Dimensional Collective Violence Beliefs Scale (CVBS:2D)
Abou-Ismail, R., Phillips, J. B., Cichocka, A., Çakmak, H., Çoksan, S., & Sengupta, N. K. (2026). Conceptualizing and measuring support for collective violence. Aggressive Behavior, 52(2). https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.70063
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Political Violence Scale
Bélanger, J. J., Moyano, M., Muhammad, H., Richardson, L., Lafreniére, M. A. K., McCaffery, P., Framand, K., & Nociti, N. (2019). Radicalization leading to violence: A test of the 3N model. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00042
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Belief-Aligned Collective Action (BCA) Scale
Cervone, C., Suitner, C., Carraro, L., & Maass, A. (2024). An impartial measure of collective action: Development and validation of the Belief-Aligned Collective Action Scale. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 40 (3), 258–268. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000762
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Militant Extremist Mindset (MEM) Scale
Stankov, L., Saucier, G., & Knežević, G. (2010). Militant extremist mind-set: Proviolence, Vile World, and Divine Power. Psychological Assessment, 22(1), 70–86. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016925